- Dots And Boxes Game Board
- Printable Dots And Boxes Game
- Game Pigeon Cheats Dots And Boxes
- Dots And Boxes Game Pigeon Play
- Cool Math Games Dots And Boxes
- Dots And Boxes Game Pigeon Forge
The pigpen cipher (alternatively referred to as the masonic cipher, Freemason's cipher, Napoleon cipher, and tic-tac-toe cipher)[2][3] is a geometric simple substitution cipher, which exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid.
Security[edit]
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The use of symbols instead of letters is no impediment to cryptanalysis, and this system is identical to that of other simple monoalphabetic substitution schemes. Due to the simplicity of the cipher, it is often included in children's books on ciphers and secret writing.[4]
History[edit]
The cipher is believed to be an ancient cipher[5][6] and is said to have originated with the Hebrew rabbis.[7][8] Thompson writes that, 'there is evidence that suggests that the Knights Templar utilized a pig-pen cipher' during the Christian Crusades.[9][10]
Parrangan & Parrangan write that it was used by an individual, who may have been a Mason, 'in the 16th century to save his personal notes.'[11]
In 1531 Cornelius Agrippa described an early form of the Rosicrucian cipher, which he attributes to an existing Jewish Kabbalistic tradition.[12] This system, called 'The Kabbalah of the Nine Chambers' by later authors, used the Hebrew alphabet rather than the Latin alphabet, and was used for religious symbolism rather than for any apparent cryptological purpose.[13]
Variations of this cipher were used by both the Rosicrucian brotherhood[14] and the Freemasons, though the latter used the pigpen cipher so often that the system is frequently called the Freemason's cipher. Hysin claims it was invented by Freemasons.[15] They began using it in the early 18th century to keep their records of history and rites private, and for correspondence between lodge leaders.[3][16][17] Tombstones of Freemasons can also be found which use the system as part of the engravings. One of the earliest stones in Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City, which opened in 1697, contains a cipher of this type which deciphers to 'Remember death' (cf. 'memento mori').
George Washington's army had documentation about the system, with a much more randomized form of the alphabet. And during the American Civil War, the system was used by Union prisoners in Confederate prisons.[14]
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Example[edit]
Using the Pigpen cipher key shown in the example above, the message 'X MARKS THE SPOT' is rendered in ciphertext as
Variants[edit]
The core elements of this system are the grid and dots. Some systems use the X's, but even these can be rearranged. One commonly used method orders the symbols as shown in the above image: grid, grid, X, X. Another commonly used system orders the symbols as grid, X, grid, X. Another is grid, grid, grid, with each cell having a letter of the alphabet, and the last one having an '&' character. Letters from the first grid have no dot, letters from the second each have one dot, and letters from the third each have two dots. Another variation of this last one is called the Newark Cipher, which instead of dots uses one to three short lines which may be projecting in any length or orientation. This gives the illusion of a larger number of different characters than actually exist.[18]
Another system, used by the Rosicrucians, used a single grid of nine cells, and 1 to 3 dots in each cell or 'pen'. So ABC would be in the top left pen, followed by DEF and GHI on the first line, then groups of JKL MNO PQR on the second, and STU VWX YZ on the third.[2][14] When enciphered, the location of the dot in each symbol (left, center, or right), would indicate which letter in that pen was represented.[1][14] More difficult systems use a non-standard form of the alphabet, such as writing it backwards in the grid, up and down in the columns,[4] or a completely randomized set of letters.
Clay pigeon shooting games wii. The Templar cipher is a method claimed to have been used by the Knights Templar. It uses a variant of a Maltese Cross.[19]
Notes[edit]
Dots And Boxes Game Board
- ^ abWrixon, pp. 182–183
- ^ abBarker, p. 40
- ^ abWrixon, p. 27
- ^ abGardner
- ^Bauer, Friedrich L. 'Encryption Steps: Simple Substitution.' Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology (2007): 43.
- ^Newby, Peter. 'Maggie Had A Little Pigpen.' Word Ways 24.2 (1991): 13.
- ^Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna. The Theosophical Glossary. Theosophical Publishing Society, 1892, pg 230
- ^Mathers, SL MacGregor. The Kabbalah Unveiled. Routledge, 2017, pg 10
- ^Thompson, Dave. 'Elliptic Curve Cryptography.' (2016)
- ^MacNulty, W. K. (2006). Freemasonry: symbols, secrets, significance. London: Thames & Hudson, pg 269
- ^Parrangan, Dwijayanto G., and Theofilus Parrangan. 'New Simple Algorithm for Detecting the Meaning of Pigpen Chiper Boy Scout ('Pramuka').' International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 6.5 (2013): 305-314.
- ^Agrippa, Henry Cornelius. 'Three Books of Occult Philosophy, or of.' JF (London, Gregory Moule, 1650) (1997): 14-15.
- ^Agrippa, Cornelius. 'Three Books of Occult Philosophy', http://www.esotericarchives.com/agrippa/agripp3c.htm#chap30
- ^ abcdPratt, pp. 142–143
- ^Hynson, Colin. 'Codes and ciphers.' 5 to 7 Educator 2006.14 (2006): v-vi.
- ^Kahn, 1967, p.~772
- ^Newton, 1998, p. 113
- ^Glossary of Cryptography
- ^McKeown, Trevor W. 'Purported Templars cipher'. freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
References[edit]
- Barker, Wayne G., ed. (1978). The History of Codes and Ciphers in the United States Prior to World War I. Aegean Park Press. ISBN0-89412-026-3.
- Gardner, Martin (1972). Codes, ciphers and secret writing. ISBN0-486-24761-9.
- Kahn, David (1967). The Codebreakers. The Story of Secret Writing. Macmillan.
- Kahn, David (1996). The Codebreakers. The Story of Secret Writing. Scribner. ISBN0-684-83130-9.
- Newton, David E. (1998). 'Freemason's Cipher'. Encyclopedia of Cryptology. ISBN0-87436-772-7.
- Pratt, Fletcher (1939). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Aegean Park Press. ISBN0-89412-261-4.
- Shulman, David; Weintraub, Joseph (1961). A glossary of cryptography. Crypto Press. p. 44.
- Wrixon, Fred B. (1998). Codes, Ciphers, and other Cryptic & Clandestine Communication. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. ISBN1-57912-040-7.
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pigpen cipher. |
- Online Pigpen cipher tool for enciphering small messages.
- Online Pigpen cipher tool for deciphering small messages.
- Deciphering An Ominous Cryptogram on a Manhattan Tomb presents a Pigpen cipher variant
Players: 2
Ages: 5 and up
Cost: Free!
Math Ideas: Spatial reasoning, logical deduction
Questions to Ask:
Is this line safe to draw?
How can you get more than one box on a single turn?
How many lines can you draw without capturing a single box?
Sometimes I want a game that will take up an entire hour, the sort of game that can absorb me and my kids on a rainy afternoon. On those days, I reach for Qwirkle or Mastermind.
But other times, I just need a game that will keep my kids occupied for ten minutes while we wait for the dentist to call us back. In those moments, I am looking for a game that is quick, fun, and easy to learn.
Dots and Boxes is a perfect game for these situations. All you need is a pencil and paper (or a crayon and the back of a kid's menu). Of course, knowing me, I've found all sorts of deeper math in this simple game. But first let's just take a look at how the game is played.
How to Play
Printable Dots And Boxes Game
To set up a Dots and Boxes game, you just need a square array of dots. I like to start with four rows of four dots. Each player takes turns connecting adjacent dots, either vertically or horizontally.
The goal is to claim as many boxes as possible. If you draw the fourth side of a box, you get to claim that square by writing your initials inside (or, if playing with crayons, you can color in the box with your color). If you claim a box, you get another turn, which means you can potentially claim two, three, or even more boxes on a single turn.
The game ends when all lines have been drawn, all boxes have been claimed, and the person with the most boxes wins!
If you'd like, you can watch a quick video tutorial below:
Where's the Math?
Game Pigeon Cheats Dots And Boxes
The math of Dots and Boxes begins to reveal itself after you play a couple of quick rounds.
Your child may draw in the third side of a box, only to realize that you can happily claim that box on the next turn. So they begin to look at the game board a little differently, focusing on 'safe' lines that they can draw. The beginning of the game turns into a dance, where both opponents circle each other, adding lines in new locations while being careful not to draw the third side on any box, lest their opponent claim that fourth side.
Eventually, of course, someone is going to run out of safe spots to play, and the race for boxes begins in earnest. Then a new question presents itself: How can I claim more than one box in a single turn?
Your child might begin to notice that if they create little chains of boxes across the board, they can fill in multiple squares on a single turn. For example, in the image below, the blue player is able to capture three boxes in a row by capturing the chain of boxes that runs around the top left corner of the board.
Once you've played a couple of rounds on a 4x4 grid, you should move up to larger grids such as 6x6 or 8x8 so that these chains of boxes become more apparent to you and to your child.
Once you see the chains of boxes, you begin to look at the board with an even more refined perspective on the spatial relationships that the board contains. Each new insight into the strategy of the game allows you to see new things in what would otherwise be a simplistic set of dots and lines.
Dots And Boxes Game Pigeon Play
Players: 2
Ages: 5 and up
Cost: Free!
Math Ideas: Spatial reasoning, logical deduction
Questions to Ask:
Is this line safe to draw?
How can you get more than one box on a single turn?
How many lines can you draw without capturing a single box?
Sometimes I want a game that will take up an entire hour, the sort of game that can absorb me and my kids on a rainy afternoon. On those days, I reach for Qwirkle or Mastermind.
But other times, I just need a game that will keep my kids occupied for ten minutes while we wait for the dentist to call us back. In those moments, I am looking for a game that is quick, fun, and easy to learn.
Dots and Boxes is a perfect game for these situations. All you need is a pencil and paper (or a crayon and the back of a kid's menu). Of course, knowing me, I've found all sorts of deeper math in this simple game. But first let's just take a look at how the game is played.
How to Play
Printable Dots And Boxes Game
To set up a Dots and Boxes game, you just need a square array of dots. I like to start with four rows of four dots. Each player takes turns connecting adjacent dots, either vertically or horizontally.
The goal is to claim as many boxes as possible. If you draw the fourth side of a box, you get to claim that square by writing your initials inside (or, if playing with crayons, you can color in the box with your color). If you claim a box, you get another turn, which means you can potentially claim two, three, or even more boxes on a single turn.
The game ends when all lines have been drawn, all boxes have been claimed, and the person with the most boxes wins!
If you'd like, you can watch a quick video tutorial below:
Where's the Math?
Game Pigeon Cheats Dots And Boxes
The math of Dots and Boxes begins to reveal itself after you play a couple of quick rounds.
Your child may draw in the third side of a box, only to realize that you can happily claim that box on the next turn. So they begin to look at the game board a little differently, focusing on 'safe' lines that they can draw. The beginning of the game turns into a dance, where both opponents circle each other, adding lines in new locations while being careful not to draw the third side on any box, lest their opponent claim that fourth side.
Eventually, of course, someone is going to run out of safe spots to play, and the race for boxes begins in earnest. Then a new question presents itself: How can I claim more than one box in a single turn?
Your child might begin to notice that if they create little chains of boxes across the board, they can fill in multiple squares on a single turn. For example, in the image below, the blue player is able to capture three boxes in a row by capturing the chain of boxes that runs around the top left corner of the board.
Once you've played a couple of rounds on a 4x4 grid, you should move up to larger grids such as 6x6 or 8x8 so that these chains of boxes become more apparent to you and to your child.
Once you see the chains of boxes, you begin to look at the board with an even more refined perspective on the spatial relationships that the board contains. Each new insight into the strategy of the game allows you to see new things in what would otherwise be a simplistic set of dots and lines.
Dots And Boxes Game Pigeon Play
Cool Math Games Dots And Boxes
By the way, I always recommend that you use an even number of dots in each row of your square grid. Can you (or your child) figure out why?
Questions to Ask
Dots and Boxes is a great game for questions with your kid, since the game is accessible to kids as young as 5 while still being a strategic challenge for teenagers and adults.
For the younger kids, a great question to ask is 'Is this line safe to draw?'You can ask this question on your turn or on theirs, with the same goal in mind: getting your child to determine whether a line will allow the opponent to claim a box. This sort of simple, repeated question can help your child hone in on the strategy of the game.
Once your child has the basics down, you can start asking deeper questions to pull out the strategy of the game. A great start is 'How can you claim more than one box in a turn?' You can even ask your child to draw a sample game board to show how they can capture multiple boxes at once. Once they can create a chain of boxes on a sample board, they can work toward building those chains in the game!
Dots And Boxes Game Pigeon Forge
Lastly, you can always find some sort of puzzle in games like this. Here's a quick one: How many lines can you draw without completing a single box? That's a challenge that you and your child could both try!
Dots and Boxes is a game that helps your child, not with the arithmetic parts of math, but with the geometric and logical elements of math that are the underpinning of so much mathematical development. Considering how under-emphasized these parts of math can be in a typical classroom, this game is a great supplement for kids of all ages.
